Dimmable safety mirror suitable for motor vehicles and method of operation

ABSTRACT

An embodiment of the present invention provides a mirror subassembly having a dimmable dichroic liquid crystal mirror on one side and a conventional mirror on the opposite side, and a mirror housing which permits mounting of the mirror to the housing in either a first or second positions. In normal operation, the mirror subassembly is mounted to the housing in the first position with the dimmable mirror as the viewing surface. The dimmable mirror can be caused to operate a high reflectance state or low reflectance state by electronic control. Upon power loss, which causes the dichroic liquid crystal mirror to revert to a low reflectance state, the mirror subassembly can be manually mechanically mounted to the housing in the second position with the conventional mirror surface of the mirror subassembly as the viewing surface.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention pertains to dimmable mirrors in general and morespecifically to dimmable mirrors which may be used as rearview or sidemirrors on motor vehicles, such as trucks and automobiles, and a methodof operating such mirrors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

During night driving, the vision of a motor vehicle driver may beimpaired by headlight glare reflected into his or her eyes by thevehicle's rearview or side mirrors. To alleviate this problem,conventional rearview mirrors in modern automobiles utilize prismaticmethods and associated mechanisms to change the mirror from a highreflectance state to a low reflectance or dimmed state. In such a priorart rearview mirror, the dimmed state is achieved under night conditionsby pointing a high reflectance surface of the mirror at the darkinterior portion of the automobile roof to produce a dark background,while a partially reflective surface of the mirror reflects images frombehind the vehicle to the driver's eyes. Thus, in this prior art mirror,the driver effectively sees a dimmed image of the view of objects behindthe motor vehicle over a dark background image.

However, these rearview mirrors are incapable of producing a dimmedstate in anything but dark conditions. Any ambient light will illuminatethe interior roof of the vehicle causing the interior portion of theroof to be visible in the rearview mirror and thereby obstructing theimage of the view behind the vehicle. Since prismatic dimmable mirrorscannot operate in a dimmed state without a dark region to which the highreflectance surface can be pointed, these mirrors can not be used asside mirrors located outside of the vehicle. Exterior side mirrors lacka dark region to which the high reflectance surface of the prior artprismatic mirror can be pointed.

Currently, no cost effective technique is utilized on large trucks,classes 6, 7 and 8 to operate a side mirror in a dimmed state. One priorart dimmable mirror technique, which is used in some luxury automobiles,positions an electronically controllable neutral density filter in frontof a standard mirror. Two different technologies, electrochromic anddichroic liquid crystal, have been used to implement these electricallydimmable mirrors. However, each one of these technologies has majordisadvantages which have limited their use. Solid state electrochromictechnology has been used for dimming mirrors. The disadvantages ofelectrochromic mirrors is that they possess undesirable opticalcharacteristics and are often too expensive for truck and manyautomobile applications.

Alternatively, dichroic liquid crystal ("LC") technology has beensuggested for the manufacture of dimming mirrors that provide goodoptical characteristics at a reasonable cost. See in this regard U.S.Pat. No. 4,660,937, issued Apr. 28, 1987, to Richardson. However,existing prior art dichroic LC mirrors possess the undesirablecharacteristic of reverting to a low reflectance state when theelectrical power to the mirror has been interrupted. In addition, as aconsequence of conventional dichroic LC mirrors' power loss behavior,these dichroic LC mirrors do not meet the safety requirements of theU.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ("NHTSA") forrearview mirrors. The NHTSA safety requirements are set out in 49 CFR§571.111 (1992). The relevant part of this regulation provides:

"All single reflectance mirrors shall have an average reflectance of atleast 35 percent. If a mirror is capable of multiple reflectance levels,the minimum reflectance level in the day mode shall be at least: 35percent and the minimum reflectance level in the night mode shall be atleast 4 percent. A multiple reflectance mirror shall either be equippedwith a means for the driver to adjust the mirror to a reflectance levelof at least 35 percent in the event of electrical failure, or achievesuch reflectance level automatically in the event of electricalfailure."

Conventional dichroic LC mirrors do not comply with this NHTSA safetyrequirement because upon failure into a low reflectance state no meanshave been provided to adjust the failed mirror into a high reflectivestate as is required by the regulation.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide an improved dimmablemirror possessing good optical characteristics that is suitable for useon or in motor vehicles. Another object of the present invention is toprovide a dimmable mirror in compliance with the NHTSA Safety StandardNo. 111.

The present invention provides a dimmable safety mirror, suitable foruse in automobiles or trucks which comprises a mirror subassembly, ahousing and a mounting mechanism to secure the mirror subassembly to thehousing in one of two positions. The mirror subassembly comprises adimmable dichroic LC mirror on one side and a conventional mirror on theopposite side. The housing and mounting mechanism are designed to permita person to quickly and easily reposition the mirror subassembly tochange the viewing surface of the safety mirror from the dimmable mirrorsurface to the conventional mirror surface.

In normal operation, the mirror subassembly is mounted with the dimmablesurface as the viewing surface. Upon power loss to the mirror causingthe dimmable mirrors surface to enter a low reflectance state, themirror subassembly can be repositioned in the housing to make theconventional mirror surface the viewing surface.

Alternative embodiments of the safety mirror utilize two mirrors, adimmable mirror and a conventional mirror, and a mounting mechanism tooperate the safety mirror with either of the two mirrors as the viewingsurface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a side elevational view of a suitable mirror subassembly foran embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a front elevational view of a mirror subassembly of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C is a rear elevational view of a mirror subassembly of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2A is an illustration of one embodiment of a dimmable mirror of thepresent invention having a center shaft rotating assembly and a mirrorsubassembly secured in a first fixed position;

FIG. 2B is an illustration of the dimmable mirror of FIG. 2A showingpartial rotation of the mirror subassembly relative to the first fixedposition shown in FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C is an illustration of the dimmable mirror of FIGS. 2A and 2Bwith the mirror subassembly secured in a second fixed position;

FIG. 2D is an enlarged exploded parts illustration of a top portion ofthe center shaft rotating assembly of the dimmable mirror of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2E is an enlarged exploded parts illustration of a bottom portionof the center shaft rotating assembly of the dimmable mirror of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A is an illustration of another embodiment of a mirror of thepresent invention having a quick-releasing fastener assembly and amirror subassembly attached in a first fixed position;

FIG. 3B is an illustration of the dimmable mirror of FIG. 3A showing adetached partial rotation of the mirror subassembly relative to thefirst fixed position shown in FIG. 3A;

FIG. 3C is an illustration of the dimmable mirror of FIGS. 3A and 3Bwith the mirror subassembly secured in a second fixed position;

FIG. 4A is an illustration of the components of a detachably mountabledimmable mirror in relation to a conventional mirror, according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4B is an illustration of the dimmable mirror of FIG. 4A attached toa conventional mirror;

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of an efficient battery-powereddimmable mirror circuit according to the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a suitable circuit for asemi-automatic dim control circuit of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a table of signal operations of a logic control circuit ofFIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a suitable circuit for anautomatic dim control circuit of FIG. 5;

FIG. 9 is an exploded parts isotropic view of a suitable environmentprotection frame for the mirror subassembly of the present invention;and

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the assembled environmentprotection frame of FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1A-1C depict a mirror subassembly 10 according to one embodimentof the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1A, mirror subassembly 10has a front transparent nonconductive plate 25 and a rear transparentnonconductive plate 35 which have front and rear surfaces 20 and 30,respectively. Glass is a suitable material for use as the front and reartransparent plates 25 and 35. A reflective surface 75 is coated on aninner surface 36 of rear plate 35. Silver may be used as the coating forthe reflective surface 75.

Sandwiched between the front plate 25 and the reflective surface coating75 on the rear plate 35 are a first transparent conductive layer 45, alayer of dichroic liquid crystal material 55, and a second transparentconductive layer 65. The mirror subassembly 10 is sealed with epoxyaround its perimeter, to contain the dichroic liquid crystal material 55without leakage. The epoxy seal is shown as shadow line 95 in FIG. 1B.

A method of sealing the mirror subassembly 10 with epoxy comprisesscreen printing a bead, typically in the range of 10-25 mils in width,of heat curable epoxy, such as Abelstik No. 681, around the perimeter ofone of the transparent plates 25 or 35. The epoxy is placed on theentire perimeter of the plate, typically 25-75 mils from edges of thetransparent plate, except for a small fill area which will be used as afill opening for the liquid crystal material. The transparent plate 25or 35 not containing the epoxy bead is coated with glass spacers (notshown) which are 8-12 microns in thickness, and placed on top of thetransparent plate with the epoxy bead. The transparent plates 25 and 35are then compressed and heated for typically 30 to 60 minutes whichcauses the epoxy bead to spread creating a seal joining and sealing thetransparent plates 25 and 35 with a cavity formed therebetween. Thecavity is vacuum filled with the liquid crystal material 55 through theopen fill area in the epoxy seal. The fill area is then sealed.

One suitable dichroic liquid crystal material 55 is a mixture consistingof a combination of a nematic liquid crystal, an organic dye and acholesteric dopant. Referring again to FIG. 1A, when no electric fieldis applied across the liquid crystal material between the firstconductor layer 45 and second conductor layer 65, the liquid crystalmolecules are in a parallel orientation with respect to the front andrear substrates 25 and 35. Further, the dye molecules orient themselveswith their molecular axis parallel to the axis of the nematic crystalmolecules in the material 55. In this Orientation, the dye molecules,which are asymmetrical in shape having a long axis and a short axis,absorb a maximum amount of incident light entering the front plate 25,reflecting off the reflective surface 75 and exiting back out throughthe front plate 25. In this manner, a corresponding low reflectancestate having a reflectance in the range of 4% to 15% may be achieved.

Alternatively, when an electric field is applied across the dichroicliquid crystal material 55, the liquid crystal molecules orientthemselves such that considerably less light is absorbed. The moleculesin the liquid crystal material 55 and the associated dye align withtheir long axes parallel to the electric field and absorb approximately30% to 50% of the incident light. Thus, a Corresponding high reflectancestate of typically greater than 50% reflectance can be achieved. Themanner in which an electric field is applied across the dichroic liquidcrystal material 55 is described below with reference to FIG. 1B. Thecholesteric dopant in the material 55 adds a twist to the liquid crystalmolecules and enhances the contrast between the low reflectance stateand the high reflectance state.

FIG. 1B illustrates a front elevational view of the mirror subassembly10 of FIG. 1A. In FIG. 1B, the dimmable front surface 20 faces out ofthe drawing. A frame 11 surrounds the perimeter of mirror 10 forprotection of the edges of mirror 10 and to facilitate mounting of themirror subassembly 10. The mirror subassembly 10 has electricallyconductive contacts 85 and 90 at opposite corners 21 and 29. The corner29 of front plate 25 has been cut off providing access to front facingelectrical contact 90 which is electrically connected to the secondconductive layer 65. Likewise, the corner 21 of rear plate 35 has beencut off providing access to rear facing electrical contact 85 which iselectrically connected to the first conductive layer 45 as shown in FIG.1C. The electrically conductive contacts 85 and 90 are adapted toreceive electrical wires which are connected to external drive circuits.The external drive circuits provide the necessary electric field acrossthe dichroic liquid crystal material 55 to operate the dimmable mirrorin a high reflectance state.

One suitable method for forming the contacts 85 and 90 is to coat thecorners 21 and 29 of the front and rear transparent plates 25 and 35with a thick film silver amalgamate that is annealed to the front andrear transparent plates 25 and 35 producing silver contacts. The formedsilver contacts 85 and 90 provide a surface to which wire connectors canbe soldered. Such soldered wires may then be covered with an additionallayer of epoxy to provide relief of mechanical strain. Other methods ofattachment including conductive epoxies and self adhering conductivecontacts may be used.

The front plate 25 may be dip coated with ultra-violet absorbingpolysiloxane to protect the dichroic dyes from ultra-violet degradationcaused by sunlight. This dip-coating method provides an advantage overthe conventional use of laminated plastic ultra-violet filters, whichtend to warp and delaminate under the environmental extremes to which aside mirror is subjected. In addition, the dip coat also providessuperior optical performance over conventional laminated filters byreducing the number of and the distance between secondary reflectivesurfaces that cause parallax. For example, the use of a conventional0.125 inch thick laminated plastic filter adds substantial secondaryimage reflections to the primary mirror image.

FIG. 1C shows a rear elevational view of mirror subassembly 10. Sincereflective surface 75 is coated on the inner surface 36 of reartransparent plate 35, the rear surface 30 of mirror subassembly 10operates as a conventional mirror. Further, the rear surface 30 willhave a reflectance greater than or equal to that of the dimmable surface20 in its high reflectance state. Thus, the mirror subassembly 10 can beregarded as having dual reflectance, a dichroic LC dimmable mirror forthe front surface 20, and a conventional mirror for the rear surface 30.

FIGS. 2A-2C depict a dimmable safety mirror 1 comprising the mirrorsubassembly 10 described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-1C, and a mirrorhousing 100 in a rotating center shaft configuration. FIGS. 2D-2E are anenlarged exploded parts illustration of the regions of safety mirror 1indicated in FIG. 2A by broken outlines D and E, respectively. Referringto FIGS. 2A, 2D and 2E, the mirror subassembly 10 is rotatably mountedto the housing 100 by top and bottom rods 110 and 120, which extendoutwardly from the frame 11 of mirror subassembly 10. The top and bottomrods 110 and 120 engage top and bottom recesses 115 and 125 of housing100. The top recess 115 is shown by shadow a line in FIG. 2D.

Referring to FIG. 2D, the top rod 110 has first and second diametricallyopposed grooves 111 and 112 extending along a radial axis of rod 110.The first groove 111 is substantially aligned with the dimmable mirrorfront surface 20 of the mirror subassembly 10. Correspondingly, thesecond groove 112 is substantially aligned with the conventional mirrorsurface 30 of the mirror subassembly 10. The top rod 110 engages a firstcollar 114 positioned in the recess 115 of the housing 100. A hole 116in the housing 100 extends from a front edge 117 through to the recess115. A first ball plunger detent 118 is disposed in the hole 117 andextends into the recess 115 and a notch 119 in the first collar 114.

Likewise, referring to FIG. 2E, the bottom rod 120 has a first groove121 extending along its radial axis which is aligned with the dimmablemirror surface 20, and a second groove 122 diametrically opposed fromthe first groove 121 which is aligned with the conventional mirrorsurface 30 of the mirror subassembly 10. The bottom rod 120 engages asecond collar 124 positioned in the recess 125 of the housing 100. Ahole 126 in the housing 100 extends from the front edge 127 through tothe recess 126. A second ball plunger detent 128 is disposed in the hole127 and extends into the recess 125 and a notch 129 in the second collar124.

In operation, the mirror subassembly 10 can rotate in the housing 100about the radial axes of the top and bottom rods 110 and 120. The topand bottom rods 110 and 120 rotate within the first and second collars114 and 124 in the recesses 115 and 125. The ball plunger detents 118and 128 within the threaded holes 116 and 126 extend into recesses 115and 125 so as to engage grooves 111 and 112 of the top rod 110, and 121and 122 of the bottom rod 120, respectively.

When the mirror subassembly 10 is rotated in the housing 100, the ballplunger detents 118 and 128 will engage either first grooves 111 and 121or second grooves 112 and 122 to secure the mirror subassembly 10 in oneof two positions. When the ball plunger detents 118 and 128 engage firstgrooves 111 and 121, the mirror subassembly 10 will be in a first fixedviewing position with the dimmable mirror surface 20 as the viewingsurface of the dimmable safety mirror 1 as shown in FIG. 2A. In thealternative, when the locking screws 118 and 128 engage second grooves112 and 122, the mirror subassembly 10 will be in a second fixed viewingposition with the conventional mirror surface 30 as the viewing surfaceof the safety mirror 1 as shown in FIG. 2C.

The ball plunger detents 118 and 128 disengage from the grooves 111 and121 or the second grooves 112 or 122 permitting the mirror subassembly10 to rotate when a suitable force is applied to an edge of mirrorsubassembly 10.

Referring to FIGS. 2A-2C, a tab 140 is attached to an edge 12 of mirrorsubassembly 10. The tab 140 is positioned to assist a driver in changingthe viewing surface of the mirror subassembly 10. In FIG. 2A, the tab140 is shown in a first position near an edge 150 of the housing whichpositions the mirror subassembly 10 in the first fixed viewing positionwith its dimmable front surface 20 as the viewing surface. In thisposition, the ball plunger detents 118 and 128 engage first grooves 111and 121 of FIGS. 2D and 2E. In FIG. 2C, the tab 140 is shown near anedge 160 of the housing 100 which positions the mirror subassembly 10 inthe second fixed viewing position, resulting in conventional mirrorsurface 30 being the viewing surface. In this position, the ball plungerdetents 118 and 128 engage second grooves 112 and 121 of top and bottomrods 110 and 120 as shown in FIGS. 2D and 2E.

In order to change the viewing surface of safety mirror 1 from thedimmable mirror surface 20 to the conventional surface 30, a driver oruser applies suitable force to the tab 140 or other portions of themirror subassembly 10 to release the ball plunger detents 118 and 128from the first grooves 111 and 121 of the top and bottom rods 110 and120, and rotates the mirror subassembly 10 in a direction as illustratedby arrow A in FIG. 2B. The mirror subassembly 10 is rotated until theball plunger detents 118 and 128 engage the second grooves 112 and 122in the top and bottom rods 110 and 120 as shown in FIG. 2C. In thisposition, the tab 140 is near the edge 160.

Other means for securing the mirror subassembly.10 in either the firstor second fixed positions includes locking detents and correspondingdetent receptacles located on the edge of the mirror subassembly 10 andthe housing 100. In addition, rotation of the mirror subassembly 10 mayalso be implemented using a motor or other automatic means, eitherelectrically or mechanically powered, or powered by a combination ofelectrical and mechanical means. An example of the latter would be aspring loaded system activated when there was a power failure to themirror subassembly 10. A rear portion 105 of housing 100 should beadequately shaped and sufficiently deep to permit the mirror subassembly10 to freely rotate in the housing 100 without obstruction.

In normal operation, the mirror subassembly 10 should be positioned sothat the dimmable surface 20 is the viewing surface. In this first fixedposition, the safety mirror 1 may be operated automatically in the highreflectance state or the low reflectance state, depending upon theintensity of the light impinging upon the viewing surface 20 of themirror 1. Also, the user may choose to operate the mirror in either thehigh or low reflectance state, as described below.

The conductive tabs 85 and 90, best seen in FIGS. 1B and 1C, areconnected by wires to a voltage source by a control switch (not shown).The control circuit permits selection of the high reflectance state orthe low reflectance state of dimmable front surface 20 and may be fullymanual, or semi-automatic or fully automatic as discussed below withreference to FIG. 5. The wires may be disposed within or proximate thecenter rods 110 and 120 so as to avoid tangling when the viewingposition of the mirror is changed.

In the event of a malfunction causing loss of power to mirrorsubassembly 10 and thereby reversion of the dimmable surface 20 to thelow reflectance state, the driver can manually rotate the mirrorsubassembly 10 as shown in the sequence of FIGS. 2A-2C in order toreposition it with the conventional mirror surface 30 as the viewingsurface. Thus, the present invention conforms with the NHTSA SafetyStandard No. 111, because it provides a means for a driver to adjust themirror into a high reflectance state in the. event of an electricalfailure. Upon restoration of electrical power to the mirror subassembly10, the driver can rotate the mirror subassembly 10 from theconventional mirror surface 30 to the dimmable surface 20.

In addition, the present invention provides a safer alternative to thoseconventional electrically dimmable mirrors relying on backup orsecondary power sources, e.g., batteries and solar cells. Dimmablemirrors relying on secondary power sources pose a safety risk becausethe secondary power source can also fail causing the mirror to enter alow reflective state. The present invention circumvents this safety riskby providing a mechanical means to switch the viewing surface from thefailed dimmable mirror to a conventional high reflectance mirror.

An alternative embodiment of the present invention is a safety mirror 1'with a detachable assembly as shown in FIGS. 3A-3C. In FIG. 3A, themirror subassembly 10, which is the same as the mirror subassemblyutilized in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-2, is secured to a housing100' by quick-releasing fasteners 200a-200d. The frame 11 of mirrorsubassembly 10, has holes 210a-210d (best seen in FIG. 3B), which aresymmetrically aligned with fastener anchoring holes 220a-220d in housing100'. Fasteners 200a-200d are inserted in symmetrically positioned holes210a-210d of mirror subassembly 10 and engage fastener anchoring holes220a-220d in housing 100' to securely hold mirror subassembly 10 tohousing 100'. The holes 210a-210d and 220a-220d should be symmetricallyaligned to permit mirror subassembly 10 to be secured to the housing100' in either a first fixed position shown in FIG. 3A, or a secondfixed position shown in FIG. 3B.

In normal operation, the mirror subassembly 10 is secured to the housing100' in the first position with the dimmable mirror surface 20 as theviewing surface. In this position, the safety mirror 1' can be switchedfrom a high reflectance state to a low reflectance state automaticallyor by a control switch (not shown) located in the vehicle.

Upon an electrical failure causing the mirror to revert to its lowreflectance state, the mirror subassembly 10 can be removed from thehousing 100' by removing the quick-releasing fasteners 200a-200d asshown in FIG. 3B. The mirror subassembly 10 can then be rotated andrefastened to the housing 100' in the second fixed position with theconventional mirror surface 30 as the viewing surface as shown in FIG.3C. The driver refastens the mirror subassembly 10 to the housing 100'by insertion of the quick-releasing fasteners 200a-200d.

Numerous other configurations of the present invention utilizing themirror subassembly 10 can be envisioned by those skilled in the art fromthis description. For example, one contemplated embodiment of thepresent invention incorporates a slidably detachable mirror subassembly,wherein the mirror subassembly 10 would slide in and out of grooveswithin the mirror housing. Upon a failure causing the dimmable surfaceto enter a low reflection state, the driver would slide the mirrorsubassembly 10 out of the housing, rotate the mirror subassembly 10 andslide it back into position with the conventional mirror surface 30 asthe viewing surface.

In another contemplated embodiment, a rotating assembly is providedwhich eliminates the need for the mirror housing. In such aconfiguration, the mirror subassembly 10 is rotatably attached to themounting brackets that secure the safety mirror to the vehicle. A coverpanel is used to cover the surface of the mirror subassembly 10 that isnot being used as the viewing surface. The covered surface would faceforward of the vehicle. In normal operation, with the dimmable mirrorsurface 20 being used as the viewing surface, the cover would beattached to the conventional mirror surface 30 of the mirror subassemblyUpon a failure of the dimmable mirror, the mirror subassembly is rotated180 degrees and the cover panel is removed to expose the conventionalmirror surface. The conventional mirror surface 30 is now in positionfor use as the viewing surface and the cover panel is placed over thefailed dimmable mirror surface 20.

Furthermore, the use of a dual reflective mirror subassembly 10 is notnecessary to practice the present invention. A housing and mechanism ofthe present invention may utilize two mirrors, a dimmable mirror and aconventional mirror, and means for positioning either of the two mirrorsas the viewing surface of the safety mirror. One contemplated embodimentof such a mirror positions a dimmable mirror in front of a conventionalmirror in a housing. Upon a failure of the dimmable mirror, the driverwould slide the failed mirror out of the housing, leaving theconventional mirror exposed.

In an alternative embodiment, a conventional mirror is rotatably mountedand positioned behind a dimmable mirror whereby upon a failure of thedimmable mirror, the conventional mirror can be rotated from behind thedimmable mirror to cover the dimmable mirror.

In addition, the present invention may be utilized with pre-existingmirrors by incorporating a mounting mechanism that secures a dimmablemirror to, and in front of, the pre-existing mirror. Upon a failure ofthe dimmable mirror, it may easily be removed to make the pre-existingconventional mirror as the viewing surface. One embodiment of such adevice is a clip-on dichroic liquid crystal rearview mirror as shown inFIGS. 4A-4B.

In FIGS. 4A-4B, a conventional rearview mirror 300 is shown that is partof or attached to a motor vehicle (not shown) in a conventional manner.A dimmable dichroic liquid crystal mirror 310, which is substantiallythe same size as mirror 300, is detachably mounted to a face 301 of theconventional mirror 300 by removable U-shaped brackets 320 and 330.Operational elements of dimmable dichroic liquid crystal mirror 310 aresubstantially similar to those of mirror subassembly 10 shown in FIGS.1A-1C, except that dimmable mirror 310 does not have a correspondingconventional mirror rear surface as surface 30 of the mirror subassembly10. The brackets 320 and 330 have retaining adjustment screws 325 and335, respectively.

Installation of the dimmable mirror 310 consists of sliding the fixedbracket 330 and attached mirror 310 over an end 302 of the motorvehicle's conventional mirror 300 as shown in FIG. 4A. The removableU-shaped bracket 320 is then fastened to the dimmable mirror 310 overthe conventional mirror 300 as shown in FIG. 4B. The adjustment screws325 and 335 are hand tightened to hold the dimmable mirror 310 in place.Once installed, dimmable mirror 310 is used by the driver for viewingobjects behind the vehicle.

Upon a loss of power causing the dimmable mirror 310 to enter its lowreflection state, the driver can remove the dimmable 310 by loosingadjustment screws 325 and 335, detaching the removable bracket 320 andsliding the dimmable mirror 310 off of the conventional mirror 300.Thereby, the conventional mirror 300 once again may be used for viewingobjects behind the vehicle.

Further, power may be provided to the dimmable mirror 310 via wireselectrically connected to the motor vehicles electrical system. In thealternative, U-shaped bracket 320 may be adapted to contain replaceablebatteries (not shown) for the dimmable mirror 310 while U-shaped bracket330 may be adapted to contain electronic control circuitry for dimmablemirror 310. Wires originating from the control circuitry are connectedto the mirror 310 and the battery and may be routed through the U-shapedbracket 330 and through a bezel of dimmable mirror 310. The mirror wirescan then be connected to the mirror 310 by a suitable method, such asthe contact pad configuration of the safety mirror 10 in FIGS. 1A-1C.

The battery wires in the bezel of mirror 310 which originate from thecontrol circuit connect to slide contacts (not shown) on the bezelproximate the connection point of removable bracket 320. The removablebracket 320 has corresponding slide contacts which mate with those ofmirror 310 when the bracket 320 is attached. The batteries containedwithin U-shaped bracket 320 are electrically connected to the slidecontacts on the bracket 320.

A disadvantage of prior art battery-powered LC dimmable mirrors has beena short operating life due to the continuous power consumption ofmaintaining the mirror in its high reflection state. For example, themost efficient prior art battery-powered LCD mirror would deplete two AAlithium batteries in approximately one to two months, i.e., 720 to 1440hours. In order to extend the operating life, the electronics of thedimmable mirror 310 of FIGS. 4A-4B may contain a passive motion detectorsensor 430 as shown in FIG. 5.

In FIG. 5, a battery source 410 is connected to a dimable mirror 420,such as dimmable mirror 310 shown in FIGS. 4A-4B, via the motion sensorcircuit 430 and dimming control circuit 440. The motion sensor circuit430 may make use of a passive mechanical type motion sensor. Typicalmotion sensor of this type consists of a mercury droplet or metal ballthat rolls over multiple electrical contacts when moved. A low-powercircuit monitors the state of electrical shorting of the electricalcontacts and detects vibration or motion by changes in the state ofelectrical shorting of these electrical contacts.

In operation, when vibration or motion is not detected for an extendedperiod of time, e.g., fifteen minutes, the motion sensor circuit 430disconnects the battery source 410 from the dimming control circuit 440and the mirror 420. When a sufficient level of vibration is detected,the motion sensor circuit 430 connects the battery source 410 to themirror 420 and dim control circuit 440.

The sensitivity of the motion detector circuit 430 can be selected toprovide power to the mirror upon door openings, driver entry, and doorsclosing, as well as vibrations caused by acceleration, deceleration, ormotor vibration. The purpose of the motion detector 430 is to only powerthe mirror when the motor vehicle is occupied and operating. Therefore,since typically most cars are operated approximately 500 hours out of ayear (8,760 hours), life expectancy of a battery should be greater thanone year. This aspect of the present invention provides a significantlymore efficient dimmable battery-powered mirror than found in prior artmechanisms.

All the embodiments listed above may incorporate dimming controlelectronics, such as circuit 440 of FIG. 5, to provide fully manual,semi-automatic or fully automatic means of switching between the highreflectance state and low reflectance state of the dimmable mirror. In afully manual system, a driver activated switch is used to select high orlow reflectance states.

In a dimmable mirror having a semi-automatic system, a driver selectableswitch is provided to select day or night operation. In day operation,the dimmable mirror is maintained in its high reflectance state. Innight operation, the electronics automatically dim the mirror anytimeheadlights or other bright light is detected. In a dimmable mirror witha fully automatic dimming system the electronics further determinewhether day or night conditions exist.

A suitable semi-automatic control circuit 475 for use as dim controlcircuit 440 is shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, a photo sensor 450 isconnected to a light threshold comparator 455 which generates the signalS₁ which is applied to suitable control logic circuit 460. The lightthreshold comparator 455 may also be connected to an optionalsensitivity adjustment device, such as potentiometer 457. The controllogic 460 is adapted to receive input signals S₂ and S₃ which aregenerated based on the position of a day/night toggle switch and amanual toggle switch (not shown) respectively. The toggle switches arelocated within reach of the motor vehicle operator. The control logic460 generates an output signal S_(pow) based on the input signals S₁ -S₃according to the table of FIG. 7. The output signal S_(pow) is appliedto a power supply 465. The power supply 465 is further connected to adimmable mirror 470, such as dimmable mirror 310 of FIG. 5.

A suitable device for power supply 465 is a DC to AC converter connectedto a battery to produce a required 15-25 V_(rms) to maintain a dichroicLC mirror in a bright state.

In operation, the photo sensor 450 and threshold comparator 460 detectsthe presence or absence of headlight glare and generates and output S₁accordingly. An optical sensitivity adjustment 457 may be utilized toadjust the sensitivity of light threshold comparator 455. The controllogic circuit 460 output signal S_(pow) controls the power supply 465 tocause dimmable LC mirror 470 to enter its high or low reflectancestates.

The control logic circuit 460 generates S_(pow) based on signals S₁ -S₃in the relationship shown in FIG. 7. For example, when manual switchoutput signal S₃ is in a manual dim mode, S_(pow) is generated such thatmirror 470 is dimmed independent of the state of signals S₂ and S₃.Further, when manual switch output signal S₃ is not in a manual dim modeand day/night switch output signal S₂ corresponds to the day position,S_(pow) will be generated to maintain mirror 470 in its high reflectancestate. Lastly, when signal S₃ is not in a manual dim mode and day/nightswitch output signal is in a night mode, the output signal S_(pow) willbe generated to dim mirror 470 when the light threshold comparatorsignal S₁ is in a glare detected state, otherwise S_(pow) will maintainmirror 470 in a high reflectance state.

FIG. 8 depicts a suitable fully automatic circuit 485 for dim controlcircuit 440 of FIG. 5. In FIG. 8, the block components for an automaticdim control circuit 485 are substantially identical to and operate insubstantially the same manner to the semi-automatic dim control circuit475 of FIG. 6 with one modification. In FIG. 8, similar component blocksto those of FIG. 6 are indicated with a '. For example, logic controlcircuit 460' corresponds generally to logic control circuit 460. Thedifference between the automatic control circuit 485 of FIG. 8 andsemi-automatic control circuit 475 of FIG. 6 concerns the generation ofa signal S₂ ' indicating day or night mode.

The circuit 485 utilizes a more sophisticated photo sensor 450' and aday/night light threshold comparator 490 to detect day or nightconditions and to generate the signal S₂ '. The comparator 490 replacesthe day/night switch depicted in FIG. 6. The comparator 490 is connectedto the photo sensor 450'. In addition, an optional sensitivityadjustment circuit 495, such as a potentiometer, may be connected to thecomparator 490.

In operation, the generation of signals S₁ ', S₃ ' and S_(pow) ' by therespective blocks occurs by the same operation that produces signals S₁,S₃ and S_(pow) of FIG. 6. The control logic 460' may contain theidentical boolean operations as those contained in control logic circuit460 which are governed by the table of FIG. 7. However, automaticcontrol circuit 485, automatically determines the day/night mode bymeasuring the magnitude of ambient light with photo sensor 450' andcomparing it to a predetermined threshold in comparator 490. Thesensitivity may be adjusted by varying the threshold with an optionaladjustment circuit 495. Thereby, circuit 485 operates in substantiallythe same manner as circuit 475 without requiring the motor vehicleoperator to manually select day or night mode operation.

In yet another embodiment, the control electronics of the dimmablemirror are connected to associated electrical components of the vehicleto activate automatically the safety mirror 1 or 1' to operate in a highreflectance state when a reverse gear of the vehicle's transmissionengaged.

The frame 11 of mirror subassembly 10 shown in FIGS. 1B-1C mayincorporate environment protection elements which protect the mirrorsubassembly 10 from damage by the environmental extremes to which amotor vehicle mirror is subjected. A dichroic LC mirror should be shockmounted to withstand the severe vibrations caused by shuddering andgeneral harsh-ride of large trucks and other motor vehicles which woulddamage the mirror subassembly 10. A dichroic mirror should also bemounted in a water tight frame to prevent exposure of the LC mirrorepoxy seal to road-salt and moisture from humidity or rain. Moisturetends to permeate the epoxy seal which would eventually cause the LCmirror to malfunction. In addition, the LC mirror should possess aheater to maintain the liquid crystal within their normal range ofoperating temperatures of above 0° C.

An environment protection frame assembly 500 for use with the mirrorsubassembly 10 according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 9.The frame assembly 500 provides suitable protection from vibration, wetweather and temperature extremes that are typical in an environment inwhich a motor vehicle safety mirror would operate. In FIG. 9, aplurality of components are positioned adjacent to each to form theprotective frame assembly 500. The plurality of components comprises: arear frame 510, standoffs 520, rear gasket 530, electrical perimeterheater strip 540, the mirror subassembly 10, a front gasket 550 and afront frame 560.

The rear frame 510, standoffs 520 and front frame 560 contain alike-positioned plurality of holes 515, 525 and 565, respectively. Whenthe components of the environment protection frame.500 are sandwichedtogether, the holes 515, 525 and 565, are aligned to permit insertion ofscrews 570 and threaded receptacles 580 to secure the rear frame 510 tothe front frame 560. When the components of the environment frameassembly 500 are secured together, the rear gasket 530, the perimeterheater strip 540, mirror subassembly 10 and front gasket 550 are heldtightly together between the standoffs 520 and front frame 560. Inaddition, the rear frame 510 and front frame 560 may be larger than theother components to form a channel between the frames 510 and 560 andouter edges of the interior components for the entire perimeter of theassembled protection frame 500.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an assembled protection frame 100.In FIG. 10, the channel between the rear frame 510 and front frame 560which is filled. with a silicone elastomer potting compound 590. Thesilicone=compound 590 totally encapsulates the edges of the mirrorsubassembly 10, including the contact areas 85 and 90, shown in FIGS. 1Band 1C, preventing any moisture from reaching subassembly epoxy seal orelectrical contacts. The silicone compound 590 provides the addedadvantage of increased shock and vibration resistance of the protectionframe assembly 500. Alternatively, if the rear and front frames 510 and560 are not larger than the interior components an a assembly 500 noperimeter channel will be formed. In such an assembly, the siliconecompound may be coated on the perimeter edges to provide the protectionfrom the environment.

The perimeter heater strip 540 of frame assembly 500 maintains theliquid crystal mirror at operational temperatures, as well as, providingde-icing in cold weather. The perimeter heater strip 540 permits themajority of the rear surface of mirror subassembly 10 to be used as theconventional mirror surface. Since the perimeter heater strip 540 allowsthe rear surface of the mirror subassembly 10 to be used as a mirror, itprovides an advantage over typical mirror heaters which are merelyopaque coatings covering the entire rear surface of the mirror.

Electrical power to the perimeter heater strip 540 is controlled by aconventional thermal relay (not shown) located in the safety mirrorhousing, such as housing 100 shown in FIGS. 2A-3C. The thermal relayconnects electrical power to the heater 540 when temperatures are belowfreezing. A switch may be added in the motor vehicle to override thethermal relay and turn power off to heater 540.

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described aboveand may be utilized with any dimmable type mirror which reverts to a lowreflectance state upon power loss or other type of failure. Any type ofdimmable mirror can be utilized as a safety mirrors according to thepresent invention by incorporating a suitable mounting mechanism topermit the changing of the viewing surface from the dimmable mirror to aconventional mirror upon loss. of power or other malfunction causing thedimmable mirror to enter its low reflectance state. Therefore, all typesof dimmable mirror which may fail to a low reflectance state can providea measure of safety and comply with the NHTSA Safety Regulation No. 111,if configured in a safety mirror according to the present invention.

I claim:
 1. A dimmable safety mirror for use in motor vehicles having aviewing surface comprising:a mirror subassembly comprising a dimmablefront reflective surface and a rear reflective surface, said dimmablefront surface being selectively switchable between a high reflectancestate and a low reflectance state, and said rear reflectance surfacebeing a high reflectance mirror; a housing; and a mounting mechanism tosecure said mirror subassembly to said housing in either a firstposition wherein the front surface of said mirror subassembly is theviewing surface or a second position wherein said rear surface of saidmirror subassembly is the viewing surface of the safety mirror.
 2. Thedimmable safety mirror of claim 1, wherein the mirror subassembly ismounted in said housing in said first position and upon a malfunctioncausing the dimmable front surface to enter said low reflectance state,the mirror subassembly is switched to said second position.
 3. Thedimmable safety mirror of claim 1, wherein the mounting mechanismcomprises:a first rod fixed to and extending out of an edge of saidmirror subassembly; and a second rod fixed to and extending out of anopposite edge of said mirror subassembly, wherein the first and secondrods engage first and second recesses in said housing such that themirror subassembly may rotate in said housing between said first andsaid second positions about an axis formed along said rods.
 4. Thedimmable safety mirror of claim 3, wherein rotation of the mirrorsubassembly is accomplished by manual, motorized or other automaticoperations.
 5. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 3, furthercomprising:a detent located on an edge of said mirror subassembly whichengages one of a first or second detent receptacle in the housing tosecure said mirror subassembly in said first or second position.
 6. Thedimmable safety mirror of claim 3, further comprising:a first and seconddetent located in the housing proximate the first and second rods toengage detent receptacles in the rods so as to secure the mirror in itsfirst or second position.
 7. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 1,wherein the securing mechanism comprises symmetrically positioned quickrelease fasteners which engage symmetrically positioned holes in themirror subassembly and housing to secure the mirror subassembly ineither the first or second position.
 8. A dimmable safety mirror havinga viewing surface comprising:a housing; a mirror subassembly mounted insaid housing, the mirror subassembly comprising a front dimmablereflective surface and a rear reflective surface, the front dimmablereflective surface switchable between at least a high reflectance stateand a low reflectance state; and a mechanism for securing the mirrorsubassembly to the housing either in a first position with the frontdimmable surface as the viewing surface, or in a second position withthe rear reflective surface as the viewing surface.
 9. The dimmablesafety mirror of claim 8, wherein the securing mechanism rotatablymounts the mirror subassembly to said housing by a first rod fixed toand extending out of an edge of said mirror subassembly and a second rodfixed to and extending out of an opposite edge of said mirrorsubassembly, wherein the first and second rods engage first and secondrecesses in said housing such that the mirror subassembly may rotate insaid housing between said first and said second positions about an axisformed along said rods.
 10. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 9,wherein first and second detents engage detent receptacles in the firstand second rods to secure said mirror subassembly in either said firstor second position.
 11. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 8, whereinthe securing mechanism detachably slidably mounts the mirror subassemblyto said housing.
 12. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 8, wherein thesecuring mechanism comprises:symmetrically positioned quick releasefasteners which engage symmetrically positioned holes in the mirrorsubassembly and housing to secure the mirror subassembly in either thefirst or second position.
 13. A dimmable safety mirror having a viewingsurface comprising:a housing; a liquid crystal mirror subassemblymounted in said housing, the mirror subassembly comprising a frontdimmable reflective surface and a rear reflective surface, the frontdimmable reflective surface switchable between at least a highreflectance state and a low reflectance state; and a mechanism forsecuring the mirror subassembly to the housing either in a firstposition with the from dimmable surface as the viewing surface, or in asecond position with the rear reflective surface as the viewing surface.14. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 13, wherein the front surface ofsaid mirror subassembly is a dichroic liquid crystal mirror and saidrear surface is a conventional mirror.
 15. The dimmable safety mirror ofclaim 14, wherein the dimmable front surface will operate in the highreflectance state when power is provided to the mirror subassembly andthe low reflectance state when the mirror subassembly is unpowered. 16.The dimmable safety mirror of claim 15, wherein the mirror subassemblycomprises:front and rear transparent nonconductive plates arrangedadjacent one another, wherein an inner-facing surface of the front platefaces an inner-facing surface of the rear plate; a reflective surfacecoated on the inner-facing surface of the rear plate; a firsttransparent conductive layer disposed on the inner-facing surface of thefront plate; a second transparent conductive layer disposed on thereflective surface such that it faces the first conductive layer; and adichroic liquid crystal material disposed between the first and secondconductive layers.
 17. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 16, whereinthe mirror subassembly further comprises:a first electrically conductivepad electrically connected to said first conductive layer; and a secondelectrically conductive pad electrically connected to said secondconductive layer, the first and second pad being positioned andadaptable for electrical connections to provide power to the mirrorsubassembly.
 18. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 16, wherein themirror subassembly further comprises:a protective frame surrounding aperimeter of the multilayered structure.
 19. A dimmable safety mirrorfor use in motor vehicles having a viewing surface comprising:anelectrically powered mirror subassembly comprising a dimmable frontreflective surface and a rear reflective surface, said dimmable frontsurface having more than one reflectance level and said rear reflectancesurface having a high reflectance mirror; a housing: and means foradjusting the mirror subassembly within the housing to a highreflectance state in the event of electrical failure, wherein said rearreflectance surface of said mirror subassembly is the viewing surface ofthe safety mirror.
 20. The dimmable safety mirror of claim 19 whereinthe front surface of said mirror subassembly is a dichroic liquidcrystal mirror which is in a high reflectance state when power isapplied to said mirror subassembly and is in a low reflectance statewhen power is removed from said mirror subassembly.